http://www.lostlanguage.org/info daily 0.75 2014-05-23 http://www.lostlanguage.org/rightsmain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/lawmain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/home daily 1.0 2014-06-26 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e0a68e4b091554a5e6b2c/1402866281097/email1.png Lost Language, Lost Liberalism https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538fbdfae4b06dffdfbffcdf/1401929231424/ Lost Language, Lost Liberalism https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538fbd44e4b0ec77c8c87553/1401929028759/ Lost Language, Lost Liberalism https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e0a71e4b017ac5c2752b9/1402866290310/ Lost Language, Lost Liberalism https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53bc5fa5e4b00d4b9f889fc4/1404854229734/Screenshot+2014-07-08+at+5.16.07+PM.png Lost Language, Lost Liberalism http://www.lostlanguage.org/liberalismmain daily 0.75 2014-06-26 http://www.lostlanguage.org/libertymain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/freedommain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/equalitymain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/justicemain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/propertymain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/contractmain daily 0.75 2014-10-05 http://www.lostlanguage.org/equitymain daily 0.75 2014-07-03 http://www.lostlanguage.org/generations daily 0.75 2014-07-09 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de020e4b07ded53299e46/1402855458850/ Generations Clara Collet (1860–1948) worked as a civil servant working with the Board of Trade during which time she helped introduce many reforms including the introduction of the Old Age Pension and Labour Exchanges. During these years she worked with well-known politicians such as David Lloyd George, Ramsay MacDonald, William Beveridge and Winston Churchill. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d71c0e4b0099cfab968f2/1402827240674/ Generations Herbert Somerton Foxwell (1849 – 1936) was an English economist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de3fae4b0ba2ac78dfdf3/1402856443818/ Generations Sir Henry John Wrixon (1839 – 1913) was an Australian barrister and politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df955e4b07ded5329bc3b/1402861911848/ Generations Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846 – 1926) was a German philosopher, and the winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de50ae4b0273cffe08893/1402856724212/ Generations Richard Theodore Ely (1854 – 1943) was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfdd8e4b0f1dc8d9fb6b6/1402863066543/ Generations William James Durant (1885 – 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel Durant and published between 1935 and 1975. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df182e4b0e0318ea1c3f1/1402859909148/ Generations Albert Venn "A. V." Dicey (1835 – 1922) was a British jurist and constitutional theorist, and was the younger brother of Edward Dicey. He is most widely known as the author of An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). Dicey popularised the phrase "rule of law", although its use goes back to the 17th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df9b0e4b05bbc2dc2ff7c/1402862025640/ Generations Herbert George "H. G." Wells (1866 – 1946) was an English writer, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfcc2e4b00a948fdba747/1402862787607/ Generations Arthur Jerome Eddy (1859 - 1920) was an American lawyer, author, art collector, and art critic. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d7363e4b0dcfd8e60f89c/1402827620575/ Generations Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (1859 – 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the early members of the Fabian Society in 1884, along with George Bernard Shaw. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df448e4b02252870d3987/1402860617407/ Generations Frederick William "Fred" Jowett (1864 – 1944) was a British Labour politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de45de4b07b2ee718f9de/1402856542309/ Generations Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (1870 – 1963) was a British politician and diplomat. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfedde4b037955eae638f/1402863326371/ Generations Élie Halévy (1870 – 1937) was a French philosopher and historian who wrote studies of the British utilitarians, the acclaimed book of essays, Era of Tyrannies, and a history of Britain from 1815 to 1914 that greatly influenced British historiography. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d6244e4b00a440d987bd9/1402823237665/ Generations Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (1880 – 1956) was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, critic of American life and culture, and scholar of American English. He is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the twentieth century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfd50e4b0d80b1ac61112/1402862930354/ Generations Sir Alfred Eckhard Zimmern (1879-1957) was a British classical scholar and historian, and political scientist writing on international relations. He was a supporter of Zionism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfb9ae4b06c9050b13117/1402862491689/ Generations John Ramsay Bryce Muir (1872 – 1941) was a British historian, Liberal Party politician and thinker. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de38de4b090b605293e11/1402856334313/ Generations James Mavor (1854 – 1925) was a major Canadian economist of late 19th - early 20th centuries. He served as a Professor of Political Economy of the University of Toronto from 1892 to 1923. He played a key role in resettling Doukhobor religious dissidents from the Russian Empire to Canada. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df767e4b017568776512a/1402861417796/ Generations Archibald Henderson (1877 – 1963) was an American professor of mathematics who wrote on a variety of subjects, including drama and history. He taught at the University of North Carolina, becoming a professor of pure mathematics in 1908. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d6b54e4b058e14b222877/1402825557504/ Generations Thomas Hill Green 1836 –1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G.W.F. Hegel. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d6bc3e4b00a440d988053/1402825670133/ Generations Alfred Jules Émile Fouillée (1838 – 1912) was a French philosopher. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfe5be4b00a948fdbaa67/1402863196466/ Generations Rexford Guy Tugwell (1891 – 1979) was an agricultural economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Brain Trust," a group of Columbia University academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading up to the 1932 election. Tugwell subsequently served in FDR's administration for four years and was one of the chief intellectual contributors to his New Deal. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dcf6fe4b0c0941fe8063d/1402851184723/ Generations Sidney and Beatrice Webb, (respectively, 1859 — 1947; 1858 — 1943) were English Socialist economists (husband and wife), early members of the Fabian Society, and co-founders of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Sidney Webb also helped reorganize the University of London into a federation of teaching institutions and served in the government as a Labour Party member. Pioneers in social and economic reforms as well as distinguished historians, the Webbs deeply affected social thought and institutions in England. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539de178e4b07b2ee718f68b/1402855802048/ Generations Edward Bellamy (1850 – 1898) was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a Rip Van Winkle-like tale set in the distant future of the year 2000. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539defe3e4b090b605294d22/1402859543601/ Generations George Jacob Holyoake (1817 – 1906), was a British secularist and co-operator. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df0c8e4b07ded5329b1f2/1402859724724/ Generations John Griffith "Jack" London (1876 – 1916) was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone. London was an advocate of unionization, socialism, and the rights of workers and wrote several powerful works dealing with these topics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d6a09e4b0099cfab965eb/1402825226786/ Generations Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, (1822 – 1888), was a British comparative jurist and historian. He is famous for the thesis outlined in Ancient Law that law and society developed "from status to contract." https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df4cbe4b0d840eaeb053d/1402860747712/ Generations John Spargo (1876–1966) became a renowned expert in the history and crafts of Vermont. Spargo is best remembered as an early biographer of Karl Marx and as one of the leading public intellectuals affiliated with the Socialist Party of America during the progressive era of the early 20th Century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539df37ae4b0ccf77810d012/1402860412410/ Generations Stanton George Coit (1857 – 1944) was an American-born leader of the Ethical movement in England. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539dfb1de4b0b8ba065e25be/1402862367150/ Generations Ellen Karolina Sofia Key (1849 – 1926) was a Swede, and a difference feminist writer on many subjects in the fields of family life, ethics and education and was an important figure in the Modern Breakthrough movement. She was an early advocate of a child-centered approach to education and parenting, and was also a suffragist. http://www.lostlanguage.org/sources daily 0.75 2015-04-08 http://www.lostlanguage.org/guide daily 0.75 2014-07-06 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/53813e42e4b06fe80abc6fa9/53b9dcb4e4b08ad83706167e/1404689611402/2.png Guide - Compendia For each term there are two compendia: Confusions and Rejoinders. The term liberalism, for example, has a page for each compendium. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/53813e42e4b06fe80abc6fa9/53b9db90e4b07eed85d87d09/1404689321994/1.PNG Guide - Words This site presents compendia of quotations. Each compendium treats of one of the ten terms shown in the menu at left. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/53813e42e4b06fe80abc6fa9/539dd834e4b00d7644738390/1402853440296/5.png Guide - Generations This website shows a shift in meanings. Did it come by individuals changing their way of talking, or by new generations, which talked one way, displacing older generations, which talked another way? The quotations of the Generations compendium indicate the shift was primarily generational; there seems to have been few cases of individual classical liberals moving much in the statist direction. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/53813e42e4b06fe80abc6fa9/539dd7e8e4b0600d8da8f2be/1402853363847/4.png Guide - Rejoinders There follows the compendium Liberalism: Rejoinders, where authors who typically support classical liberalism take note of or remark on the semantic confusion about “liberalism.” They often deplore the new semantic practices. Such awareness validates the narrative, as a witness validates a story by giving testimony. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/53813e42e4b06fe80abc6fa9/539dd7b0e4b014ec3a8f3674/1402854972257/3.png Guide - Confusions The compendium Liberalism: Confusions presents, in chronological order, quotations by authors who use the term “liberal” or “liberalism” in ways that do not comport with the original meaning (the 1776-1876 meaning, as it were). The Confusions authors very often declare semantic innovation or quarrel with classical-liberal semantics. http://www.lostlanguage.org/liberalism-confusions daily 0.75 2014-09-13 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d96fe2e4b09cce38abc7b7/1389981667752/ Liberalism Confusions Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (1852 –1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until 5 January 1988, he had been the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5a3dae4b0fc71b73f16de/1389732840413/ Liberalism Confusions James Ramsay MacDonald, FRS (1866 – 1937) was a British statesman who was the first ever Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5c274e4b02172cca96a6a/1389740661016/ Liberalism Confusions Harold Joseph Laski (1893 – 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party during 1945–1946, and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53734644e4b0edb14eaaddc0/1400063566271/ Liberalism Confusions Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (1852 – 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until Margaret Thatcher, he had been the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d593e1e4b02a4ced96656e/1389728737530/ Liberalism Confusions Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (1859 – 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the early members of the Fabian Society in 1884, along with George Bernard Shaw. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d58669e4b08744b39c2c0a/1389725290654/ Liberalism Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 –1926) was a British socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5bc8ae4b0e29d342fe6d3/1389739147358/ Liberalism Confusions Richard Henry "R. H." Tawney (1880 – 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist, Christian socialist, and an important proponent of adult education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d583d9e4b08744b39c264a/1389724634399/ Liberalism Confusions St. George Jackson Mivart (1827 – 1900) was an English biologist. He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in natural selection who later became one of its fiercest critics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52da1891e4b00bd42799cb97/1390024850233/ Liberalism Confusions Herbert Vere "H.V." Evatt (aka Doc Evatt) (1894 – 1965), was an Australian jurist, lawyer, parliamentarian and writer. He was the third President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1948 to 1949 and helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d58872e4b0ba94ab0bec58/1389725811231/ Liberalism Confusions James Annand (1843 – 6 February 1906) was a Scottish journalist, newspaper editor and Liberal Party politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5c893e4b0b322e9c6182d/1389742229250/ Liberalism Confusions John Maurice Clark (1884 – 1963) was an American economist whose work combined the rigor of traditional economic analysis with an "institutionalist" attitude. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5a013e4b03a2f95864e59/1389731860794/ Liberalism Confusions Frank Arthur Vanderlip, Sr. (1864 – 1937) was an American banker. He was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and was president of the National City Bank from 1909 to 1919. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5ba35e4b0086b3128cbb0/1389738581394/ Liberalism Confusions John Dewey 1859 – 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5bef1e4b0d7ff54ec83bd/1389739766520/ Liberalism Confusions Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (1872 – 1970) was a British nobleman, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, and social critic. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d598c2e4b0002632d3b9ce/1389729987131/ Liberalism Confusions Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (1870 –1963) was a British politician and diplomat. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5a6e3e4b03a2f958661d0/1389733604821/ Liberalism Confusions Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864 - 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of social liberalism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d58fa3e4b06cae9d86d512/1389727652092/ Liberalism Confusions Francis Julius Bellamy (1855 – 1931) was an American Socialist, minister, and author, best known for authoring the American Pledge of Allegiance. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52b4ca69e4b02301e646c8ba/1387580009849/ Liberalism Confusions Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane (1856 – 1928), was an influential British Liberal Imperialist and later Labour politician, lawyer and philosopher. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d597fde4b0b3e32a902174/1389729790373/ Liberalism Confusions Herbert George "H. G." Wells (1866 – 1946) was an English writer, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5b54ee4b0e9203b2b2bad/1389737295735/ Liberalism Confusions May Gorslin Preston Slosson ( 1858 – 1943) was an American educator and suffragist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d59d43e4b06cae9d86f9df/1389731150820/ Liberalism Confusions Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841 – 1905) was a British classical scholar and politician. He was a Member of the Cambridge Apostles, the intellectual secret society, from 1859. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52da170de4b0a0558dd6946d/1390024462676/ Liberalism Confusions Ellen Karolina Sofia Key (1849 – 1926) was a Swede, and a difference feminist writer on many subjects in the fields of family life, ethics and education and was an important figure in the Modern Breakthrough movement. She was an early advocate of a child-centered approach to education and parenting, and was also a suffragist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52b4cc28e4b0818dc1ce0f65/1387580463249/ Liberalism Confusions Llewellyn Archer Atherley-Jones (1851 – 1929) was a British politician and Barrister who eventually became a judge. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52d5b90be4b0ae1127c61f62/1389738251942/ Liberalism Confusions John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (1883 – 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. http://www.lostlanguage.org/equality-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537ecfdbe4b0022849021faa/1400819692171/ Equality Rejoinders William Hurrell Mallock (1849 – 1923) was an English novelist and economics writer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e05ede4b0c530d6ff8257/1401816560149/ Equality Rejoinders Wordsworth Donisthorpe (1847 – 1914) was an English individualist anarchist and inventor, pioneer of cinematography and chess enthusiast. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e0544e4b0cbbd0e23b08c/1401816390551/ Equality Rejoinders William Graham Sumner (1840 – 1910) was a classic liberal American academic and held a professorship in sociology at Yale University http://www.lostlanguage.org/law-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5208e4b0853a610eefa4/1402819081042/ Law Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 – 1926) was an English socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d503ee4b00bc8faf4b0bb/1402818623501/ Law Confusions Laurens Perseus Hickok (1798 – 1888) was an American philosopher and divine. He took his degree at Union College in 1820. Until 1836 he was occupied in active pastoral work, and was then appointed professor of theology at the Western Reserve College, Ohio, and later at the Auburn Theological Seminary. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5731e4b0c43a8a6a66bd/1402820402795/ Law Confusions Thomas Nixon Carver (1865 – 1961) was an American economics professor. He was Secretary-Treasurer of the American Economic Association (1909–13) and was elected its President in 1916. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d58aae4b04f35da18d793/1402820779671/ Law Confusions Benjamin Nathan Cardozo (May 24, 1870 – July 9, 1938) was an American jurist who served on the New York Court of Appeals and later as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. Cardozo is remembered for his significant influence on the development of American common law in the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d56c3e4b0c64be21a562a/1402820308588/ Law Confusions Sir Paul Vinogradoff (1854 – 1925) was a highly reputable Anglo-Russian historian and medievalist. In 1903 he was appointed Corpus professor of jurisprudence in the University of Oxford, and subsequently became a fellow of the British Academy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d53e0e4b0291f05b9733a/1402819553478/ Law Confusions Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd Baronet (1806 – 1863) was a British statesman and man of letters. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5474e4b04eb6983bb5b3/1402819739199/ Law Confusions Nathan Roscoe Pound (1870 – 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator. He was Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Pound as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5a83e4b058e14b221fab/1402821252232/ Law Confusions Harold Joseph Laski (1893 – 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party during 1945–1946, and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5330e4b00d64803a5bef/1402819377279/download.jpg Law Confusions David George Ritchie (1853 – 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was later elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5948e4b076567b93d46c/1402820970848/ Law Confusions Franklin Henry Giddings (1855 – 1931) was an American sociologist and economist. For ten years, he wrote items for the Springfield, Massachusetts Republican and the Daily Union. In 1888 he was appointed lecturer in political science at Bryn Mawr College; in 1894 he became professor of sociology at Columbia University. From 1892 to 1905 he was a vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5548e4b01f8451cfd097/1402819913092/ Law Confusions Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855 – 1927) was an English author of books on political philosophy, natural science and son-in-law of the German composer Richard Wagner; he is described in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as a "racialist writer". Chamberlain's two-volume book, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, published in 1899, became one of the many references for the pan-Germanic movement of the early 20th century, and, later, of the völkisch antisemitism of Nazi racial policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5ac4e4b00d64803a5fb8/1402821317655/ Law Confusions Sir John William Salmond (1862 – 1924) was a legal scholar, public servant and judge in New Zealand. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d59f3e4b0c64be21a5875/1402821108708/ Law Confusions John William Burgess (1844 – 1931) was a pioneering American political scientist. He spent most of his career at Columbia University and is regarded as having been the most influential political scientist of the period. http://www.lostlanguage.org/liberty-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcac59e4b0ce292b47d6d1/1390193754745/ Liberty Rejoinders Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (1862 – 1932), was a British political scientist and philosopher. He led most of his life at Cambridge, where he wrote a dissertation on Neoplatonism before becoming a fellow. He was closely associated with the Bloomsbury Group. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcae9fe4b0ce292b47db47/1390194337124/ Liberty Rejoinders Michael Joseph Oakeshott (1901 – 1990) was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and philosophy of law. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc9aace4b0a28390e89233/1390189250301/ Liberty Rejoinders John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn (1838 – 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. He was elected a Member of Parliament in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895, Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911 and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcaab9e4b07d4d3ce4ac0b/1390193338179/ Liberty Rejoinders Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster (1855 – 1909), known as H. O. Arnold-Forster, was a British politician and writer. He notably served as Secretary of State for War from 1903 to 1905. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcab29e4b03ab35fd059aa/1390193450692/ Liberty Rejoinders William Graham Sumner (1840 – 1910) was a classic liberal American academic and held a professorship in sociology at Yale University https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dca7b9e4b0a28390e8a6e5/1390192571771/ Liberty Rejoinders Arthur Bruce Smith (1851 – 1937) was a long serving Australian politician and leading political opponent of the White Australia policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcae33e4b00bfdc0582f20/1390194228879/ Liberty Rejoinders Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (1881 – 1973) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, and classical liberal. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dca9f4e4b0089d66ffba25/1390193141518/ Liberty Rejoinders Edward Estlin Cummings 1894 – 1962), known as E. E. Cummings, was an American poet, painter, essayist, author, and playwright. He is remembered as an eminent voice of 20th century poetry. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcad41e4b0a28390e8af0d/1390193986270/ Liberty Rejoinders Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (1880 – 1956) was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, critic of American life and culture, and scholar of American English. http://www.lostlanguage.org/freedom-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddc251e4b036f8689865ed/1390264914353/ Freedom Confusions Joseph Hilaire Pierre René Belloc 1870 – 1953) was an Anglo-French writer and historian. He was one of the most prolific writers in England during the early twentieth century. He was known as a writer, orator, poet, sailor, satirist, man of letters, soldier and political activist. He is most notable for his Catholic faith, which had a strong impact on his works, and his writing collaboration with G. K. Chesterton. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/5373504ce4b082a57b8a4705/1400066126165/ Freedom Confusions Karl Paul Polanyi (1886 – 1964) was a Hungarian economic historian, economic anthropologist, political economist, historical sociologist and social philosopher. He is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought and his book, The Great Transformation. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd70cde4b02ffcb6b69480/1390244046491/ Freedom Confusions Thomas Hill Green 1836 –1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G.W.F. Hegel. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddc557e4b02ffcb6b77518/1390265688119/ Freedom Confusions George Bernard Shaw (1856 – 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8ee2e4b00bfdc0598dba/1390251754285/ Freedom Confusions Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (1861-1939), was an American economist who spent his entire academic career at Columbia University in New York City. Seligman is best remembered for his pioneering work involving taxation and public finance. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddb781e4b0fb2ead9c0f93/1390262146120/ Freedom Confusions Jessie Wallace Hughan (1875 – 1955) was an American educator, a socialist activist, and a radical pacifist. During her college days she was one of four co-founders of Alpha Omicron Pi, a national fraternity for university women. She also was a founder and the first Secretary of the War Resisters League, established in 1923. For over two decades, she was a perennial candidate for political office on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America in her home state of New York. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd74a4e4b0fb2ead9b5b72/1390245030448/ Freedom Confusions Sidney James Webb (1859 – 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the early members of the Fabian Society in 1884, along with George Bernard Shaw. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddbb0fe4b0c593abb9016d/1390263056595/ Freedom Confusions Richard Henry "R. H." Tawney (1880 – 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist, Christian socialist, and an important proponent of adult education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9c7fe4b02ffcb6b7125d/1390255232011/ Freedom Confusions Felix Adler (1851 – 1933) was a German American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, popular lecturer, religious leader and social reformer who founded the Ethical Culture movement, and is often considered one of the main influences on modern Humanistic Judaism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddbfc7e4b050564e0f3c0b/1390264268208/ Freedom Confusions Sir Stephen Harold Spender (1909 – 1995) was an English poet, novelist and essayist who concentrated on themes of social injustice and the class struggle in his work. He was appointed the seventeenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the United States Library of Congress in 1965. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddbddbe4b0fc4c92c88916/1390263772175/ Freedom Confusions Harold Joseph Laski (1893 – 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party during 1945–1946, and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd73e8e4b07d4d3ce5c440/1390244842788/ Freedom Confusions Richard Burdon Haldane (1856 – 1928), was an influential British Liberal Imperialist and later Labour politician, lawyer and philosopher. He was Secretary of State for War between 1905 and 1912 during which time the "Haldane Reforms" were implemented. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7557e4b0ce292b48f726/1390245208384/ Freedom Confusions Bernard Bosanquet (1848 – 1923) was an English philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in late 19th and early 20th century Britain. His work influenced – but was later subject to criticism by – many thinkers, notably Bertrand Russell, John Dewey and William James. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9a3de4b03cda32c5b8e7/1390254653928/ Freedom Confusions Herbert David Croly (1869 – 1930) was an intellectual leader of the progressive movement as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic in early twentieth-century America. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7fbde4b050564e0e931a/1390247871482/ Freedom Confusions Beatrix Potter (1866 – 1943) was an English author, illustrator, natural scientist and conservationist best known for her imaginative children’s books featuring animals such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit which celebrated the British landscape and country life. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd83a5e4b03ab35fd1a6e1/1390248870087/ Freedom Confusions Arthur Twining Hadley (1856 – 1930) was an economist who served as President of Yale University from 1899 to 1921. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9b44e4b047cdd8894a8a/1390254918117/ Freedom Confusions Algernon Sidney Crapsey (1847–1927) was an Episcopal priest and father of poet Adelaide Crapsey. Crapsey was an ardent supporter of the Social Gospel movement and developed a national reputation for eloquent lectures that inspired social ideals. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7b85e4b0322091747c05/1390246790586/ Freedom Confusions George Jacob Holyoake (1817 – 1906) was a British secularist and co-operator. He promoted secularism and the co-operative movement. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9aa5e4b00bfdc059aec1/1390254758504/ Freedom Confusions Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924) was the 28th President of the United States, in office from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With the Republican Party split in 1912, he led his Democratic Party to control both the White House and Congress for the first time in nearly two decades. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9c05e4b0f48cdba7ce7f/1390255111303/ Freedom Confusions Henry Scott Holland (1847 – 1918) was Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford. He was also a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was keenly interested in "social justice" and formed PESEK (Politics, Economics, Socialism, Ethics and Christianity) which blamed capitalist exploitation for contemporary urban poverty. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddba69e4b057d0ae9d69c7/1390262913503/ Freedom Confusions Norman Mattoon Thomas (1884 – 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd760be4b03cda32c55524/1390245389176/ Freedom Confusions Richard Theodore Ely (1854 – 1943) was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddb882e4b0cb24e89bf794/1390262403433/ Freedom Confusions Giovanni Gentile (1875 – 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian Idealist philosopher, a peer of Benedetto Croce. He described himself as 'the philosopher of Fascism', and ghostwrote A Doctrine of Fascism (1932) for Benito Mussolini. He also devised his own system of philosophy, Actual Idealism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9952e4b057d0ae9d18e3/1390254419359/ Freedom Confusions Sir Henry Jones (1852 – 1922), was a Welsh philosopher and academic. He was instrumental in the passing of the Intermediate Education Act of 1889, and worked for the establishment of the University of Wales and the introduction of a penny rate for education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd6f72e4b057d0ae9ca53e/1390243699912/ Freedom Confusions Francis Herbert Bradley (1846 – 1924) was a British idealist philosopher. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7d6ee4b0a28390ea5a63/1390247279738/ Freedom Confusions Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (1870 – 1963) was a British politician and diplomat. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddb600e4b02ffcb6b753c7/1390261761127/ Freedom Confusions James Ramsay MacDonald, (1866 – 1937) was a British statesman who was the first ever Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddc43be4b00bfdc05a16c2/1390265405025/ Freedom Confusions Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (1884–1942) was a Polish anthropologist, one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. He has been also referred to as a sociologist and ethnographer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7345e4b07d4d3ce5c116/1390244678462/ Freedom Confusions John Bascom (1827 – 1911) was an American professor, college president and writer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddbc51e4b0ce292b49b3df/1390263379084/ Freedom Confusions John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes,(1883 – 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9649e4b036f86897f9e1/1390253643423/ Freedom Confusions Lester F. Ward 1841 – 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9d4ee4b0fb2ead9bd0e0/1390255439231/ Freedom Confusions Edward Alsworth Ross (1866 – 1951) was a progressive American sociologist, eugenicist, and major figure of early criminology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd704ce4b0c593abb833e5/1390243916996/ Freedom Confusions Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie (1826 – 1882) was an Irish economist. He was professor of jurisprudence and political economy in Queen's College, Belfast, noted for challenging the Wages-Fund doctrine and for addressing contemporary agrarian policy questions. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd779ce4b057d0ae9cbb27/1390245789465/ Freedom Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 – 1926) was an English socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9792e4b086a638890b53/1390253971427/ Freedom Confusions Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924) was an English philosopher, theologian, and historian. He expounded a theory known as ideal utilitarianism, and is a major historian of the universities of the Middle Ages. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddb4dfe4b047cdd8898ba1/1390261472803/ Freedom Confusions May Gorslin Preston Slosson (1858 – 1943) was an American educator and suffragist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddb431e4b0c593abb8f122/1390261297822/ Freedom Confusions Harry Wellington Laidler (1884–1970) was an American socialist functionary, writer, magazine editor, and politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd71e7e4b04385633f509d/1390244340318/ Freedom Confusions Matthew Arnold (1822 – 1888) was a British poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7148e4b02ffcb6b695eb/1390244169756/ Freedom Confusions William Stanley Jevons, (1835 –1882) was a British economist and logician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7891e4b0ce292b48fffc/1390246034249/ Freedom Confusions John Dewey (1859 – 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd7a49e4b057d0ae9cc1e6/1390246474216/ Freedom Confusions Charles Henry Vail (1866–1924) was an American Universalist clergyman and Christian socialist political activist and writer. Vail is best remembered as the first National Organizer of the Socialist Party of America and as a candidate of that party for Governor of New Jersey. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd821ce4b0cb24e89b686f/1390248477881/ Freedom Confusions Charles Horton Cooley (1864 – 1929) was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. He is perhaps best known for his concept of the looking glass self, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd9e0be4b047cdd8895200/1390255628480/ Freedom Confusions John Rogers Commons (1862–1945) was an American institutional economist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd85b6e4b0f48cdba78f39/1390249399537/ Freedom Confusions Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864 – 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist. His works, culminating in his famous book Liberalism (1911), occupy a seminal position within the canon of New Liberalism. http://www.lostlanguage.org/freedom-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8ce8e4b0f48cdba7a4ff/1390251242046/ Freedom Rejoinders Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (1881 – 1973) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, and classical liberal. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd889fe4b0a28390ea790b/1390250158209/ Freedom Rejoinders Thomas Francis Bayard (1828 – 1898) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served three terms as U.S. Senator from Delaware, and as U.S. Secretary of State, and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8db4e4b0089d670112f7/1390251451454/ Freedom Rejoinders Michael Joseph Oakeshott (1901 – 1990) was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and philosophy of law. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8afae4b032209174a6a6/1390250753436/ Freedom Rejoinders William Graham Sumner (1840 – 1910) was a classical liberal American academic and "held the first professorship in sociology" at Yale College. For many years he had a reputation as one of the most influential teachers there. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8c39e4b0833460795780/1390251067781/ Freedom Rejoinders Lionel Charles Robbins (1898 – 1984) was a British economist and head of the economics department at the London School of Economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8d67e4b0c593abb88598/1390251367657/ Freedom Rejoinders Milton Friedman (1912 – 2006) was an American economist, statistician, and writer who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy. As a leader of the Chicago school of economics, he profoundly influenced the research agenda of the economics profession. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd881ce4b01d8ef4e4b3f3/1390250013985/ Freedom Rejoinders Henry Sidgwick (1838 –1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8919e4b0f48cdba799c0/1390250265945/ Freedom Rejoinders Hector Carsewell Macpherson (1851 – 1924) was a prolific Scottish writer and journalist who published books, pamphlets and articles on history, biography, politics, religion, and other subjects. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8a97e4b0e9abea4e59ab/1390250647804/ Freedom Rejoinders Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster (1855 – 1909) was a British politician and writer. He notably served as Secretary of State for War from 1903 to 1905. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd8b51e4b0e9abea4e5b9b/1390250834709/ Freedom Rejoinders Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (1880 – 1956) was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, critic of American life and culture, and scholar of American English. http://www.lostlanguage.org/equality-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9f76e4b0438563418072/1390321527802/ Equality Confusions John Spargo (1876–1966) became a renowned expert in the history and crafts of Vermont. Spargo is best remembered as an early biographer of Karl Marx and as one of the leading public intellectuals affiliated with the Socialist Party of America. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de94cce4b036f868999594/1390318797579/ Equality Confusions Lester F. Ward (1841 – 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. Ward promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9833e4b0fb2ead9e3035/1390319667326/ Equality Confusions Walter Thomas Mills (1856–1942) was an American socialist activist, educator, lecturer, writer, and newspaper publisher. He is best remembered for the role he played in the Socialist Party of America during the first decade of the 20th century as one of the leaders of the organization's moderate wing. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deb412e4b0ce292b4b742a/1390326803910/ Equality Confusions Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton (1887 – 1962) was a British Labour Party economist and politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945 to 1947. He shaped Labour Party foreign-policy in the 1930s, opposed pacifism, promoted rearmament against the German threat, and strongly opposed the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9221e4b08b5d503136c8/1390318114052/ Equality Confusions St. George Jackson Mivart PhD (1827 –1900) was an English biologist. He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in natural selection who later became one of its fiercest critics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537eca8ae4b08536f33a4934/1400818315241/ Equality Confusions John Atkinson Hobson (1858 – 1940), was an English economist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537ec8c4e4b0c97e8921b1a9/1400817860944/ Equality Confusions David George Ritchie (1853 – 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was later elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dea2a4e4b036f86899b38c/1390322341234/ Equality Confusions James Ramsay MacDonald, (1866 – 1937) was a British statesman who was the first ever Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9403e4b0a28390ec48ff/1390318595795/ Equality Confusions Richard Theodore Ely (1854 – 1943) was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52defad1e4b060b7ef6ff690/1390344913807/ Equality Confusions James McKeen Cattell (1860 – 1944), American psychologist, was the first professor of psychology in the United States at the University of Pennsylvania and long-time editor and publisher of scientific journals and publications, most notably the journal Science. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53516043e4b0d2db4454735a/1397841989307/ Equality Confusions Charles Edward Merriam (1874 – 1953) was a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, founder of the behavioralistic approach to political science, and an advisor to several U.S. Presidents. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de95b4e4b03ab35fd390c9/1390319029623/ Equality Confusions Edward Bellamy (1850 – 1898) was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a Rip Van Winkle-like tale set in the distant future of the year 2000. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de97a8e4b03ab35fd3944c/1390319528919/ Equality Confusions Jane Addams (1860 – 1935) was a pioneer settlement social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537ecd0de4b0a243017950a3/1400818959029/ Equality Confusions Victor Yarros (1865–1956) was an American anarchist and author. He was a prolific contributor to the individualist anarchist periodical in the United States called Liberty. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9465e4b057d0ae9ebff2/1390318694128/ Equality Confusions John Bascom (1827 – 1911) was an American professor, college president and writer. He was professor of rhetoric at Williams College from 1855 to 1874, and was president of the University of Wisconsin from 1874 to 1887. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52decc44e4b0e9abea50bb5b/1390332998621/ Equality Confusions Richard Henry "R. H." Tawney (1880 – 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist, Christian socialist, and a proponent of adult education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deb95ce4b02ffcb6bce6b4/1390328156600/ Equality Confusions Herbert Clark Hoover (1874 – 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover, born to a Quaker family, was a professional mining engineer. He achieved American and international prominence in humanitarian relief efforts in war-time Belgium and served as head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War I. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52ddc73de4b0089d67019fd7/1390266183413/ Equality Confusions George Jacob Holyoake (1817 – 1906), was a British secularist and co-operator. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dec8e4e4b01d8ef4e9bb4b/1390332133532/ Equality Confusions Harold Joseph Laski (1893 – 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party during 1945–1946, and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52debf76e4b0c593abbac0c2/1390329721123/ Equality Confusions Robert Somers Brookings (1850 – 1932) was an American businessman and philanthropist, known his founding of the Brookings Institution. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dea68ce4b0cb24e89d7bbe/1390323341524/ Equality Confusions Scott Nearing (1883 – 1983) was an American radical economist, educator, writer, political activist, and advocate of simple living. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de99f4e4b08334607b26cf/1390320117483/ Equality Confusions Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (1861-1939), was an American economist who spent his entire academic career at Columbia University in New York City. Seligman is best remembered for his pioneering work involving taxation and public finance. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dec161e4b08334607b8b5b/1390330210419/ Equality Confusions John Foster Dulles (1888 – 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deca4fe4b07d4d3ce87aa6/1390332500641/ Equality Confusions John Rogers Commons (1862–1945) was an American institutional economist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52debc6ee4b0ce292b4b8a94/1390328943254/ Equality Confusions John Dewey (1859 – 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52decb35e4b086a6388b37ad/1390332728834/ Equality Confusions Francis Hobart Herrick (1858 - 1940 ) was an American writer, natural history illustrator and Professor of Biology at Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de98b3e4b0a28390ec5250/1390319796168/ Equality Confusions Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864 – 1929) was a British political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of the New Liberalism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de936be4b03ab35fd38bed/1390318444160/ Equality Confusions Thomas Hill Green (1836 – March 1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G.W.F. Hegel. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dea4e6e4b02ffcb6bcb1cb/1390322921979/ Equality Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 – 1926) was an English socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52debdb1e4b0ce292b4b8e89/1390329266716/ Equality Confusions Jessie Wallace Hughan (1875 – 1955) was an American educator, socialist, and a radical pacifist. During her college days she was a co-founder of Alpha Omicron Pi, a national fraternity for university women. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de92a2e4b0fb2ead9e2423/1390318243643/ Equality Confusions Henry George (1839 – 1897) was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land. He inspired the economic philosophy known as Georgism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dea3dbe4b01d8ef4e95a4b/1390322653181/ Equality Confusions William English Walling (1877–1936) was an American labor reformer and Socialist Republican. He was the grandson of William Hayden English, the Democratic candidate for vice president in 1880, and was born into wealth. He was educated at the University of Chicago and at Harvard Law School. He was a co-founder of the NAACP, and founded the National Women's Trade Union League in 1903. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deadb5e4b036f86899dd6a/1390325174780/ Equality Confusions Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861 – 1947) was an English geographer, academic, the first Principal of University Extension College, Reading (which became the University of Reading) and Director of the London School of Economics. He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of both geopolitics and geostrategy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deaa00e4b08334607b50fb/1390324224970/ Equality Confusions Henry Carter Adams (1851 – 1921) was a U.S. economist. In 1887, he became professor of political economy and finance at the University of Michigan, and taught there from 1886 to 1921. There, he also worked with John Dewey. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9a69e4b0322091767c7e/1390320233900/ Equality Confusions Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847 – 1903) was a 19th-century American progressive political activist and pioneer muckraking journalist. He is best remembered for his vilification of the Standard Oil Company. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dee538e4b076a2fa3cc2b3/1390339384781/ Equality Confusions Edward Estlin Cummings (1894 – 1962), known as E. E. Cummings, was an American poet, painter, essayist, author, and playwright. He is remembered as an eminent voice of 20th century poetry. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de9662e4b08334607b1f2d/1390319203459/ Equality Confusions Franklin Henry Giddings (1855 – 1931) was an American sociologist and economist. For ten years, he wrote items for the Springfield, Massachusetts Republican and the Daily Union. In 1888 he was appointed lecturer in political science at Bryn Mawr College; in 1894 he became professor of sociology at Columbia University. From 1892 to 1905 he was a vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52de971fe4b0089d6702cf19/1390319392499/ Equality Confusions Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 – 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52deeb59e4b08b5d50322f3a/1390340956296/ Equality Confusions Paul Howard Douglas (1892 – 1976) was an American politician and economist. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. Senator from Illinois for eighteen years, from 1949 to 1967. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dea122e4b047cdd88b0e91/1390321955401/ Equality Confusions Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt, Jr. (1858 – 1919) was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the first incarnation of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912, which put Woodrow Wilson into office. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. http://www.lostlanguage.org/justice-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e47a9e4b070f9907f4500/1401833396111/ Justice Confusions Dudley Julius Medley (1861-1953) was Professor of Modern History at the University of Glasgow from 1899 until 1931. He was Chairman of the University Appointments Committee for many years and was awarded an LLD in 1931. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4913e4b005e3dc5fd9f7/1401833767054/ Justice Confusions Sir Leslie Stephen (1832 – 1904) was an English author, critic and mountaineer, and the father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4bf7e4b0a08b20553b9d/1401834489098/ Justice Confusions Norman Mattoon Thomas (1884 – 1968) was an American Presbyterian minister who achieved fame as a socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4cafe4b01aec8314fd1b/1401834673194/ Justice Confusions Evan Frank Mottram Durbin (1906 – 1948) was a British economist and left-wing politician, whose writings combined a belief in central economic planning with a conviction that the price mechanism of markets was indispensable. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e49d6e4b0ba4a68dd4dac/1401833943904/ Justice Confusions Thomas Nixon Carver (1865 – 1961) was an American economics professor. He was Secretary-Treasurer of the American Economic Association (1909–13) and was elected its President in 1916. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4ad3e4b0e9744947a75a/1401834197231/ Justice Confusions Nathan Roscoe Pound (1870 – 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator. He was Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. The Journal of Legal Studies has identified Pound as one of the most cited legal scholars of the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4694e4b07c74697e81ca/1401833108958/ Justice Confusions Robert Ellis Thompson (1844 - 1924) was a professor of Mathematics, Social Science, History and English Literature. He was editor of Penn Monthly from 1870 to 1880, and of The American from 1881 to 1892. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4a64e4b09d80275328b9/1401834085747/ Justice Confusions William James Durant (1885 – 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel Durant and published between 1935 and 1975. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4b54e4b081c9920e0e1d/1401834326629/ Justice Confusions John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (1883 – 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4990e4b0ba4a68dd4d46/1401833884611/ Justice Confusions Paul Elmer More (1864 – 1937) was an American journalist, critic, essayist and Christian apologist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e489ee4b0da71d3feaec3/1401833637625/ Justice Confusions Maximilian (Max) Hirsch (1852? – 1909) was a German-born businessman and economist who settled in Melbourne, Australia, where he became the recognized intellectual leader of the Australian Georgist movement and, briefly, a member of the Victorian Parliament. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4844e4b0791ce6c1a4f6/1401833554325/ Justice Confusions Francis Ellingwood Abbot (1836 – 1903) was an American philosopher and theologian who sought to reconstruct theology in accord with scientific method. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4c55e4b07a3ec5186d5c/1401834583206/ Justice Confusions Charles Edward Coughlin, commonly known as Father Coughlin, (1891 – 1979) was a controversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as possibly thirty million listeners tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s. http://www.lostlanguage.org/justice-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e4eb1e4b09ab4a0973505/1401835186138/ Justice Rejoinders William Hurrell Mallock (1849 – 1923) was an English novelist and economics writer. In The Limits of Pure Democracy he argued that the pseudo-populist leaders of the political party system promise everything but deliver only the end of parties as such. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e50f1e4b0a67e055d0d80/1401835772800/ Justice Rejoinders Wordsworth Donisthorpe (1847 – 1914) was an English individualist anarchist and inventor, pioneer of cinematography and chess enthusiast. In 1895 he published Law in a Free State. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e5238e4b0cbbd0e24291d/1401836090222/ Justice Rejoinders William Howard Taft (1857 – 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930). He is the only person to have served in both of these offices. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e5032e4b0cbbd0e2426ac/1401835571281/ Justice Rejoinders Auberon Edward William Molyneux Herbert (1838 – 1906) was a writer, theorist, philosopher, and 19th century individualist. A member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Herbert promoted a classical liberal philosophy and advocated voluntary-funded government that uses force only in defence of individual liberty and private property. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e535fe4b0c7ac0d2c0c2f/1401836384132/ Justice Rejoinders James Laurence Laughlin (1850 – 1933) was an American economist who helped to found the Federal Reserve System. http://www.lostlanguage.org/rights-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ffb1ae4b05011452f3d8d/1401944859168/ Rights Confusions William Jethro Brown (1868 – 1930) was an Australian jurist and professor of law. In 1912 he published The Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation, which was welcomed as a real contribution to political thought. Brown pointed out that the likelihood of greatly increased state activity in the future throws a great responsibility on the teacher and the brains and character of the community. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff877e4b06842c539bdb5/1401944186023/ Rights Confusions William J. Randall (1909 – 2000) was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He was a member of the Democratic Party from Missouri. Randall was considered a close ally of Harry Truman. He served on the Armed Services Committee and the Committee on Government Operations. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff635e4b0766cf17af19d/1401943614417/ Rights Confusions William Stanley Jevons, (1835 –1882) was a British economist and logician. Jevons' contribution to the marginal revolution in economics in the late 19th century established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff8f9e4b0c930e8bf6008/1401944317718/ Rights Confusions Vannevar Bush (1890 – 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, whose most important contribution was as head of the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) during World War II, through which almost all wartime military R&D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff4efe4b0718785072ca5/1401943305427/ Rights Confusions George Harwood (1845 – 1912) was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician. In Parliament he took a keen interest in issues regarding the Church and licensing. He was also concerned with working conditions, being a principal supporter of a bill for the early Saturday closing of textile factories. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53900003e4b0520b5966466c/1401946117541/ Rights Confusions Westel Woodbury Willoughby (1867 – 1945), was an American academic. At the urging of Professor Willoughby, Johns Hopkins created the first department of Political Science under his leadership and with him as the only professor. He helped to found the American Political Science Association and served as its 10th President. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff788e4b03f812ee1c40f/1401943945735/ Rights Confusions Sheldon Amos (1835–1886) was an English jurist. In 1869 he was appointed to the chair of jurisprudence in University College, London, and in 1872 became reader under the council of legal education and examiner in constitutional law and history to the University of London. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ffc9ce4b0520b596643a0/1401945245222/ Rights Confusions Sir Thomas Palmer Whittaker (1850 – 1919) was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician. In parliament he was a committed advocate of the temperance movement and sought reform of the alcohol licensing laws. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ff6b2e4b07b9f41846c80/1401943731371/ Rights Confusions William Edward Hearn (1826 – 1888) was an Irish university professor and politician. He was one of the four original professors at the University of Melbourne and became the first Dean of the University's Law School. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ffe5ae4b0766cf17af718/1401945691810/ Rights Confusions Sir John William Salmond, (1862 – 1924) was a legal scholar, public servant and judge in New Zealand. For his text, Jurisprudence or the Theory of the Law (1902), Salmond was awarded the Swiney Prize in 1914 by the Royal Society of Arts. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ffc3be4b0b4380bb441f7/1401945147987/ Rights Confusions Henry Pratt Fairchild (1880–1956) was a distinguished American sociologist. He wrote about race relations, abortion and contraception, and immigration. He was involved with the founding of Planned Parenthood and served as President to the American Eugenics Society. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538ffd3fe4b0aee513995221/1401945408439/ Rights Confusions Sir Paul Vinogradoff (1854 – 1925) was a highly reputable Anglo-Russian historian and medievalist. In 1903 he was appointed Corpus professor of jurisprudence in the University of Oxford, and subsequently became a fellow of the British Academy. http://www.lostlanguage.org/rights-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f699de4b0d80b1ac82383/1402956225675/ Rights Rejoinders Albert Venn "A. V." Dicey (1835 – 1922) was a British jurist and constitutional theorist, and was the younger brother of Edward Dicey. He is most widely known as the author of An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). Dicey popularised the phrase "rule of law", although its use goes back to the 17th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f7ad1e4b0b7f569f42dd5/1402960610738/ Rights Rejoinders Rev. David Jayne Hill (1850 – 1932) was an American academic, diplomat and author. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f691de4b0c572de3ee95e/1402956078037/ Rights Rejoinders Arthur Bruce Smith (1851 – 1937) was a long serving Australian politician and leading political opponent of the White Australia policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f75a1e4b033a627769885/1402959267039/ Rights Rejoinders Maximilian (Max) Hirsch (1852 – 1909) was a German-born businessman and economist. He became the recognized intellectual leader of the Australian Georgist movement and, briefly, a member of the Victorian Parliament. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f7b5fe4b0b7f569f42ee7/1402960777666/ Rights Rejoinders Albert Jay Nock (1870 – 1945) was an influential American libertarian author, educational theorist, and social critic of the early and middle 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f66f2e4b091554a608e58/1402955508446/ Rights Rejoinders Noah Porter, Jr. (1811 – 1892) was an American academic, philosopher, author, lexicographer and President of Yale College (1871–1886). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f74b1e4b03f568ef59cfb/1402959027269/ Rights Rejoinders Edwin Lawrence Godkin (1831 – 1902) was an Irish-born American journalist and newspaper editor. He founded The Nation, and was editor-in-chief of the New York Evening Post 1883-1899.   https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539f6ca0e4b0b4f1b3a5b597/1402956962437/ Rights Rejoinders Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. http://www.lostlanguage.org/property-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e4472e4b06eb4978151bb/1402881139067/ Property Confusions Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864 – 1929) was a British political theorist and sociologist, who has been considered one of the leading and earliest proponents of the New Liberalism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e40f4e4b056bf8ed2b388/1402880245092/ Property Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 – 1926) was an English socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e4168e4b06eb497814dad/1402880361288/ Property Confusions Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 – 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e4000e4b03f568ef39383/1402880001435/ Property Confusions Graham Wallas (1858 – 1932) was an English socialist, social psychologist, educationalist, a leader of the Fabian Society and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e3cf1e4b0071b1f1201ea/1402879218774/ Property Confusions Henry George (1839 – 1897) was an American writer, politician and political economist, who was the most influential proponent of the land value tax, also known as the "single tax" on land. He inspired the economic philosophy known as Georgism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e432ee4b0097de32a7c2b/1402880816408/ Property Confusions Charles Fremont Dight (1856–1938) was medical professor and promoter of the human eugenics movement in Minnesota. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e455de4b050b5ad585b8a/1402881375071/ Property Confusions William Dudley Haywood (1869 – 1928), better known as "Big Bill" Haywood, was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e3f23e4b00a948fdbfbf4/1402879780454/ Property Confusions George Bernard Shaw (1856 – 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e3d96e4b0f1dc8da0045d/1402879383821/ Property Confusions Thomas Hill Green 1836 –1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G.W.F. Hegel. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e484ae4b0a429a25e2747/1402882124027/ Property Confusions Louis C. Fraina (1892–1953) was a founding member of the American Communist Party in 1919. After running afoul of the Communist International in 1921 over the alleged misappropriation of funds, Fraina left the organized radical movement, emerging in 1926 as a left wing public intellectual by the name of Lewis Corey. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e41e2e4b0992c689f4145/1402880504555/ Property Confusions Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847 – 1903) was a 19th-century American progressive political activist and pioneer muckraking journalist. He is best remembered for his vilification of the Standard Oil Company. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e4787e4b091554a5ebbfb/1402881928217/ Property Confusions Jessie Wallace Hughan (1875 – 1955) was an American educator, socialist, and a radical pacifist. During her college days she was a co-founder of Alpha Omicron Pi, a national fraternity for university women. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e4401e4b017568776aede/1402881026811/ Property Confusions James Ramsay MacDonald (1866 – 1937) was a British statesman who was the first ever Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e409ce4b07b2ee7197925/1402880157798/ Property Confusions John Atkinson Hobson (1858 – 1940), was an English economist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e467fe4b06607645ecfd9/1402881694180/ Property Confusions Sir Paul Vinogradoff (1854 – 1925) was a highly reputable Anglo-Russian historian and medievalist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e48cfe4b07ded532a2745/1402882256939/ Property Confusions Charles Edward Coughlin, commonly known as Father Coughlin, (1891 – 1979) was a controversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e3e05e4b0d840eaeb5f0e/1402879500001/ Property Confusions George Harwood (1845 – 1912) was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician. In Parliament he took a keen interest in issues regarding the Church and licensing. He was also concerned with working conditions, being a principal supporter of a bill for the early Saturday closing of textile factories. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539e45c2e4b0fc2344623db0/1402881475141/ Property Confusions Herbert David Croly (1869 – 1930) was an intellectual leader of the progressive movement as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic in early twentieth-century America. http://www.lostlanguage.org/property-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53a35451e4b0bb3bc0191545/1403212882739/ Property Rejoinders William Hurrell Mallock (1849 – 1923) was an English novelist and economics writer. Perhaps his most significant work, recently reprinted in paperback by Transaction Publishers, is The Limits of Pure Democracy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53a35559e4b043a85f07c96d/1403213146077/ Property Rejoinders Albert Venn "A. V." Dicey (1835 – 1922) was a British jurist and constitutional theorist, and was the younger brother of Edward Dicey. He is most widely known as the author of An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). Dicey popularised the phrase "rule of law", although its use goes back to the 17th century. http://www.lostlanguage.org/contract-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e677fe4b0c7ac0d2c2233/1401841541935/ Contract Confusions St. George Jackson Mivart (1827 – 1900) was an English biologist. He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in natural selection who later became one of its fiercest critics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6a1be4b0377ad0a31cf2/1401842204707/ Contract Confusions Edward Alsworth Ross (1866 – 1951) was a progressive American sociologist, eugenicist, and major figure of early criminology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6811e4b01c683da5ff45/1401841688959/ Contract Confusions Paul Alexandre René Janet (1823 – 1899) was a French philosopher and writer. He wrote widely on philosophy, politics and ethics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6969e4b0981d7cfa3036/1401842027788/ Contract Confusions Harry Frederick Ward, Jr. (1873–1966) was a British-born American Methodist minister and political activist who emerged as a leading fellow traveler of the Communist Party, USA. Ward is best remembered as the first national chairman of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), leading the group from its creation in 1920 until his resignation in protest of the organization's decision to bar Communists in 1940. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6d21e4b02add9dca32f5/1401842978277/ Contract Confusions Mordecai Joseph Brill Ezekiel (1899 – 1974) was an American agrarian economist who worked for the United States government and the United Nations for a number of years. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e68ade4b0e5f55854737d/1401841838198/ Contract Confusions Joseph Alden (1807 – 1885) was an American academic and Presbyterian pastor. He was professor at Williams College in 1835, professor at Lafayette College in 1853, president of Jefferson College in 1857, and principal of the State Normal School (now University at Albany, SUNY) in Albany, New York until 1882. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e67d2e4b0281c859bd5c2/1401841620040/ Contract Confusions St. George Jackson Mivart (1827 – 1900) was an English biologist. He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in natural selection who later became one of its fiercest critics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e69d5e4b0da52007db6ac/1401842133941/ Contract Confusions Morris Raphael Cohen (1880 – 1947) was an American philosopher, lawyer, and legal scholar who united pragmatism with logical positivism and linguistic analysis. He was father to Felix S. Cohen. http://www.lostlanguage.org/contract-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-06 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b8f731e4b0665887b3f4d3/1404630836811/ Contract Rejoinders Wordsworth Donisthorpe (1847 – 1914) was an English individualist anarchist and inventor, pioneer of cinematography and chess enthusiast. In 1895 he published Law in a Free State. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6f8ee4b0fd81e230a038/1401843599834/ Contract Rejoinders William Joseph ("Wild Bill") Donovan (1883 – 1959) was a United States soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. Donovan is best remembered as the wartime head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency, during World War II. He is also known as the "Father of American Intelligence" and the "Father of Central Intelligence". https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b8f91fe4b008f04d319690/1404631328430/ Contract Rejoinders William Edward Hartpole Lecky (1838 – October 1903) was an Irish historian and political theorist. In 1896, he published two volumes entitled Democracy and Liberty, in which he considered, with special reference to the United Kingdom, France and the United States, some of the tendencies of modern democracies. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b96ab7e4b085cca2132294/1404660407876/ Contract Rejoinders Arthur Bruce Smith (1851 – 1937) was a long serving Australian politician and leading political opponent of the White Australia policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/538e6ee8e4b00f52172aa931/1401843433553/ Contract Rejoinders Robert Flint (1838–1910) was a Scottish theologian and philosopher who wrote also on sociology. In 1864, Flint was elected to the moral philosophy chair at St. Andrews University, among the competing candidates being Thomas Hill Green. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b8fb01e4b0d5e7513e2ca3/1404631810391/ Contract Rejoinders Sir Henry James Sumner Maine, (1822 – 1888), was a British comparative jurist and historian. He is famous for the thesis outlined in Ancient Law that law and society developed "from status to contract." https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b969f9e4b0c1d761f00381/1404660218765/ Contract Rejoinders Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/53b8f829e4b01c43f7da65d3/1404631084346/ Contract Rejoinders Albert Venn "A. V." Dicey (1835 – 1922) was a British jurist and constitutional theorist, and was the younger brother of Edward Dicey. He is most widely known as the author of An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885). Dicey popularised the phrase "rule of law", although its use goes back to the 17th century. http://www.lostlanguage.org/law-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-06 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5c2be4b09631aaee222d/1402821678522/ Law Rejoinders Wordsworth Donisthorpe (1847 – 1914) was an English individualist anarchist and inventor, pioneer of cinematography and chess enthusiast. In 1895 he published Law in a Free State. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5c94e4b009a3cbada5de/1402821781993/ Law Rejoinders Paul Carus (1852 –1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion and philosopher. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5cfae4b0874e673cc2f8/1402821883961/ Law Rejoinders Hans Joachim Morgenthau (1904 – 1980) was one of the leading twentieth-century figures in the study of international politics. He made landmark contributions to international relations theory and the study of international law, and his Politics Among Nations, first published in 1948, went through five editions during his lifetime. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539d5ba7e4b0c98e0b54b4e5/1402821545422/ Law Rejoinders Sir Thomas Erskine Holland (1835 – 1926) was a British jurist. His prolific scholarly work, including an often-cited treatise in legal philosophy (Elements of Jurisprudence, 1880), his co-founding and editorship of Law Quarterly Review and his service as a university judge earned him the titles of a King's Counsel and a Fellow of the British Academy, as well as a knighthood in 1917. http://www.lostlanguage.org/equity-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a4f48e4b03264ac62df57/1402621795575/ Equity Confusions Edward Cary Hayes (1868–1928) was a pioneer in American sociology and was a founder and president of the American Sociological Association. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a4fd6e4b073b8e74ea047/1402621911566/ Equity Confusions Ernest Tener Weir (1875 — 1957) was an American steel manufacturer best known for having founded both Weirton Steel (which became National Steel Corporation) and the town of Weirton, West Virginia. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a5096e4b00c0d6e53171c/1402622102946/ Equity Confusions John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, (1883 – 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a3fa5e4b077b40b2159de/1402617766764/ Equity Confusions Charles Henry Vail (1866–1924) was an American Universalist clergyman and Christian socialist political activist and writer. Vail is best remembered as the first National Organizer of the Socialist Party of America and as a candidate of that party for Governor of New Jersey. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a40b2e4b0377ac6925650/1402618048943/ Equity Confusions Julius Chambers, )1850 - 1920) was an American author, editor, journalist, travel writer, and activist against psychiatric abuse. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a3dc3e4b0e3035bc5658f/1402617284040/ Equity Confusions George Jacob Holyoake (1817 – 1906), was a British secularist and co-operator. He coined the term "secularism" in 1851 and the term "jingoism" in 1878. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a3e48e4b0893a906d6f1b/1402617419228/ Equity Confusions John Bates Clark (1847 – 1938) was an American neoclassical economist. He was one of the pioneers of the marginalist revolution and opponent to the Institutionalist school of economics, and spent most of his career teaching at Columbia University. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a3cc2e4b01a5f516f60d5/1402617027731/ Equity Confusions James Edwin Thorold Rogers (1823 – 1890), known as Thorold Rogers, was an English economist, historian and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1886. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a4eb0e4b00c0d6e531469/1402621626244/ Equity Confusions Franklin Henry Giddings (1855 – 1931) was an American sociologist and economist. For ten years, he wrote items for the Springfield, MassachusettsRepublican and theDaily Union. In 1888 he was appointed lecturer in political science at Bryn Mawr College; in 1894 he became professor of sociology at Columbia University. From 1892 to 1905 he was a vice president of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a3f1ce4b0b3292a375d30/1402617630177/ Equity Confusions Lester F. Ward (1841 – 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association. Ward promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539a4324e4b0d79ded785d9e/1402618661541/ Equity Confusions John Atkinson Hobson (1858 – 1940), was an English economist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. http://www.lostlanguage.org/equity-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539b1020e4b0a53e7fc7b6cb/1402671143708/ Equity Rejoinders Sir Thomas Erskine Holland (1835 – 1926) was a British jurist. His prolific scholarly work, including an often-cited treatise in legal philosophy (Elements of Jurisprudence, 1880), his co-founding and editorship of Law Quarterly Review and his service as a university judge earned him the titles of a King's Counsel and a Fellow of the British Academy, as well as a knighthood in 1917. http://www.lostlanguage.org/liberalism-rejoinders daily 0.75 2014-06-26 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc3d84e4b021f2d937098b/1390165380873/ Liberalism Rejoinders Herbert Spencer (1820 – 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc452ce4b075d598e0d7fc/1390167340742/ Liberalism Rejoinders Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883 – 1950) was an Austrian American economist and political scientist. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, Schumpeter popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc3e1be4b04fa13a24852e/1390165539281/ Liberalism Rejoinders Edward James Stephen Dicey (1832 – 1911) was an English writer, journalist, and editor. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc4294e4b094736847c455/1390166677463/ Liberalism Rejoinders Hamilton Fish II (1849-1936) was an American lawyer and politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc4588e4b0d4a3682a177f/1390167432971/ Liberalism Rejoinders Michael Joseph Oakeshott (1901 – 1990) was an English philosopher and political theorist who wrote about philosophy of history, philosophy of religion, aesthetics, and philosophy of law. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc3f55e4b0c2e3ce0ff4cf/1390165870021/ Liberalism Rejoinders Hector Carsewell Macpherson (1851 – 1924) was a prolific Scottish writer and journalist who published books, pamphlets and articles on history, biography, politics, religion, and other subjects. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/5373430ae4b0e5824b352cec/1400062730995/ Liberalism Rejoinders Albert Jay Nock (1870 – 1945) was an influential American libertarian author, educational theorist, and social critic of the early and middle 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc44d8e4b0506918747388/1390167257093/ Liberalism Rejoinders Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (1881 – 1973) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, and classical liberal. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc46c1e4b0845775fa71c9/1390167746120/ Liberalism Rejoinders Milton Friedman (1912 – 2006) was an American economist, statistician, and writer who taught at the University of Chicago for more than three decades. He was a recipient of the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and is known for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and the complexity of stabilization policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc4086e4b0ce27634968f6/1390166152116/ Liberalism Rejoinders Gilbert Keith Chesterton, (1874 – 1936) better known as G.K. Chesterton, was an English writer, lay theologian, poet, dramatist, journalist, orator, literary and art critic, biographer, and Christian apologist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc4190e4b0d691e03ee4ae/1390166416874/ Liberalism Rejoinders Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (1880 – 1956) was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, critic of American life and culture, and scholar of American English. He is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the twentieth century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc3cebe4b0a0558dd91c97/1390165229478/ Liberalism Rejoinders Arthur Bruce Smith KC (1851 – 1937) was a long serving Australian politician and leading political opponent of the White Australia policy. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc3fc3e4b03d314577dc54/1390165967273/ Liberalism Rejoinders Edwin Lawrence Godkin (1831 – 1902) was an Irish-born American journalist and newspaper editor. He founded The Nation, and was editor-in-chief of the New York Evening Post 1883-1899. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc4333e4b0122562205e65/1390166836935/ Liberalism Rejoinders José Ortega y Gasset (1883 – 1955) was a Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist working during the first half of the 20th century while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism and dictatorship. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc43a8e4b0826240aa65aa/1390166953382/ Liberalism Rejoinders Friedrich August von Hayek, frequently known as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian, later British, economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. In 1974, Hayek shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (with Gunnar Myrdal) for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena." http://www.lostlanguage.org/liberty-confusions daily 0.75 2014-07-03 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc87f0e4b050564e0d1e41/1390184434326/ Liberty Confusions William Edward Hearn (1826 –1888) was an Irish university professor and politician. He was one of the four original professors at the University of Melbourne and became the first Dean of the University's Law School. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcbadce4b076a2fa38c42f/1390197470580/ Liberty Confusions (Julia) Vida Dutton Scudder (1861 - 1954) was an American educator, writer, and welfare activist in the social gospel movement. She was one of the most prominent lesbian authors of her time. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc967ce4b0f48cdba62a0e/1390188157085/ Liberty Confusions Richard Theodore Ely (1854 – 1943) was an American economist, author, and leader of the Progressive movement who called for more government intervention, especially regarding factory conditions, compulsory education, child labor, and labor unions. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8c70e4b0fb2ead92613c/1390185586386/ Liberty Confusions Edward Bellamy (1850 – 1898) was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a Rip Van Winkle-like tale set in the distant future of the year 2000. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4fefe4b083346078bd7d/1390235632699/ Liberty Confusions Harold Joseph Laski (1893 – 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, author, and lecturer. He was active in politics and served as the chairman of the British Labour Party during 1945–1946, and was a professor at the London School of Economics from 1926 to 1950. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc89ece4b0a28390e87701/1390184940841/ Liberty Confusions Philip Schaff (1819 – 1893), was a Swiss-born, German-educated Protestant theologian and a Church historian who spent most of his adult life living and teaching in the United States. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8f17e4b057d0ae9b6fe2/1390186264198/ Liberty Confusions John Swinton (1829–1901) was a Scottish-American journalist, newspaper publisher, and orator. Although he arguably gained his greatest influence as the chief editorial writer of The New York Times during the decade of the 1860s, Swinton is best remembered as the namesake of John Swinton's Paper, one of the most prominent American labor newspapers of the 1880s. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc93d1e4b0fb2ead926c9d/1390187473949/ Liberty Confusions Beatrix Potter (1866 – 1943) was an English author, illustrator, natural scientist and conservationist best known for her imaginative children’s books featuring animals such as those in The Tale of Peter Rabbit which celebrated the British landscape and country life. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537ecb7fe4b098977ffcf411/1400818560336/ Liberty Confusions John Atkinson Hobson (1858 – 1940), was an English economist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4ae8e4b0089d67006d75/1390234345890/ Liberty Confusions Walter Lippmann (1889 – 1974) was an American public intellectual, writer, reporter, and political commentator. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4f0ae4b0a28390e9e918/1390235403600/ Liberty Confusions John Dewey (1859 –1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey is one of the primary figures associated with philosophy of pragmatism and is considered one of the founders of functional psychology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8d8be4b08b5d502db9cc/1390185867734/ Liberty Confusions Bernard Bosanquet (1848– 1923) was an English philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in late 19th and early 20th century Britain. His work influenced – but was later subject to criticism by – many thinkers, notably Bertrand Russell, John Dewey and William James. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcbdbde4b03cda32c44f21/1390198206388/ Liberty Confusions Herbert David Croly (1869 – 1930) was an intellectual leader of the progressive movement as an editor, and political philosopher and a co-founder of the magazine The New Republic in early twentieth-century America. His political philosophy influenced many leading progressives, including Theodore Roosevelt. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4757e4b00bfdc058dc43/1390233432148/ Liberty Confusions John Rogers Commons (1862–1945) was an American institutional economist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcb583e4b0fb2ead92a198/1390196101036/ Liberty Confusions Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (1861-1939), was an American economist who spent his entire academic career at Columbia University in New York City. Seligman is best remembered for his pioneering work involving taxation and public finance. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcb908e4b0a28390e8bfec/1390197001699/ Liberty Confusions Henry Demarest Lloyd (1847 – 1903) was a 19th-century American progressive political activist and pioneer muckraking journalist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4c22e4b03ab35fd11e70/1390234658617/ Liberty Confusions May Gorslin Preston Slosson (1858 – 1943) was an American educator and suffragist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc90e1e4b0c593abb6f93a/1390186722442/ Liberty Confusions Charles Henry Vail (1866–1924) was an American Universalist clergyman and Christian socialist political activist and writer. Vail is best remembered as the first National Organizer of the Socialist Party of America and as a candidate of that party for Governor of New Jersey. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc995ce4b0e9abea4ce9e6/1390188892639/ Liberty Confusions Frank William Taussig (1859 – 1940) was a U.S. economist and educator. Taussig is credited with creating the foundations of modern trade theory. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc94c5e4b08b5d502dc525/1390187718897/ Liberty Confusions Herbert Henry Asquith, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, (1852 – 1928) served as the Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916. Until Margaret Thatcher, he had been the longest continuously serving Prime Minister in the 20th century. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd542fe4b047cdd88893ee/1390236720077/ Liberty Confusions George Bernard Shaw (1856 –1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcb84be4b0e9abea4d1ab5/1390196813213/ Liberty Confusions Stephen Butler Leacock, (1869 – 1944) was an English-born Canadian teacher, political scientist, writer, and humourist. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8fb5e4b03ab35fd02a4f/1390186422626/ Liberty Confusions Henry Dyer ( 1848 – 1918) was a Scottish engineer who contributed much to founding Western-style technical education in Japan and Anglo-Japanese relations. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc97ede4b0fc4c92c68f76/1390188526360/ Liberty Confusions Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864 – 1929) was a British liberal political theorist and sociologist. His works, culminating in his famous book Liberalism (1911), occupy a seminal position within the canon of New Liberalism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcc046e4b0fc4c92c6c824/1390198855330/ Liberty Confusions Mary Parker Follett (1868 – 1933) was an American social worker, management consultant and pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc55aee4b0d683ea8641ed/1390171567588/ Liberty Confusions Theodore Dwight Woolsey (1801 – 1889) was an American academic, author and president of Yale College from 1846 through 1871. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4d90e4b026c919e4e868/1390235024947/ Liberty Confusions James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce (1838 – 1922) was a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc54bae4b0c2033e72c01a/1390171344386/ Liberty Confusions Frederick William Robertson (1816 – 1853), known as Robertson of Brighton, was an English divine. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8bc0e4b0cb24e899f383/1390185409220/ Liberty Confusions Ernest Belfort Bax (1854 – 1926) was an English socialist journalist and philosopher, associated with the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc5537e4b0aec31e5825a9/1390171470512/ Liberty Confusions Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd Baronet (1806 – 1863) was a British statesman and man of letters. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc877de4b02ffcb6b550ff/1390184318092/ Liberty Confusions Thomas Hill Green (1836 – 1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement. Like all the British idealists, Green was influenced by the metaphysical historicism of G.W.F. Hegel. He was one of the thinkers behind the philosophy of social liberalism. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/537ec5a5e4b098977ffcece8/1400817062190/ Liberty Confusions David George Ritchie (1853 – 1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was later elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8a67e4b086a638875f39/1390185093307/ Liberty Confusions Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (1859 – 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. He was one of the early members of the Fabian Society in 1884, along with George Bernard Shaw. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc8b28e4b03cda32c402da/1390185257677/ Liberty Confusions John William Burgess (1844 – 1931) was a pioneering American political scientist. He spent most of his career at Columbia University and is regarded as having been the most influential political scientist of the period. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd4a07e4b03cda32c4f297/1390234120890/ Liberty Confusions Morris Hillquit (1869–1933) was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century. In November 1917 running on an anti-war platform, Hillquit garnered more than 100,000 votes as the Socialist candidate for Mayor of New York City. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd530ce4b04385633f0c24/1390236430018/ Liberty Confusions Bronisław Kasper Malinowski (1884–1942) was a Polish anthropologist, one of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. He has been also referred to as a sociologist and ethnographer. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dc9168e4b04385633e11e7/1390186856974/ Liberty Confusions James Ramsay MacDonald, (1866 – 1937) was a British statesman who was the first ever Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, leading a Labour Government in 1924, a Labour Government from 1929 to 1931, and a National Government from 1931 to 1935. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcb9e0e4b047cdd887d860/1390197217355/ Liberty Confusions Irving Fisher (1867 – 1947) was an American economist, statistician, inventor, and Progressive social campaigner. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcbfa3e4b08b5d502e08e7/1390198693954/ Liberty Confusions Richard Henry "R. H." Tawney (1880 – 1962) was an English economic historian, social critic, ethical socialist, Christian socialist, and an important proponent of adult education. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd488de4b0a28390e9dc35/1390233744201/ Liberty Confusions Charles Edward Merriam, Jr. (1874 – 1953) was a professor of political science at the University of Chicago, founder of the behavioralistic approach to political science, and an advisor to several U.S. Presidents. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dd5141e4b01d8ef4e42a62/1390235970306/ Liberty Confusions Herbert Clark Hoover (1874 – 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). He achieved American and international prominence in humanitarian relief efforts in war-time Belgium and served as head of the U.S. Food Administration during World War I. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52dcbc5be4b00bfdc0584122/1390197851782/ Liberty Confusions Thomas Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924) was the 28th President of the United States, in office from 1913 to 1921. A leader of the Progressive Movement, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With the Republican Party split in 1912, he led his Democratic Party to control both the White House and Congress for the first time in nearly two decades. http://www.lostlanguage.org/summary-table daily 0.75 2015-04-08 http://www.lostlanguage.org/introduction daily 0.75 2015-11-06 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae1e3e4b0e32f379daa61/1402659300747/ Introduction An ngram of liberty, since 1750. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae218e4b03b72f9cc4fc1/1402659353749/ Introduction https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/52b5d7d0e4b09ec38d1490fb/1387648977481/ Introduction The original pledge of allegiance, 1941, with “the Bellamy salute,” after Francis Bellamy, a nationalist/socialist author who wrote the original pledge in 1892. Francis had like-minded cousins in the brothers Edward and Charles Bellamy. Pre-1900 writings of all three Bellamys are quoted at this website for their confusion of the liberal lexicon. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae203e4b03b72f9cc4faa/1402659332534/ Introduction http://www.lostlanguage.org/searchresults daily 0.75 2014-07-06 http://www.lostlanguage.org/ngrams daily 0.75 2014-10-07 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae0bae4b01d0c23ba7551/1402659003479/ Ngrams national unity, social unity * 5, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adec8e4b041011525b07a/1402658505257/ Ngrams democratic ideals, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ade7ce4b05f1ef29bc277/1402658429962/ Ngrams economic inequality, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adf17e4b09201c7694cf7/1402658584615/ Ngrams bundle of rights, bundle of clothes, since 1850 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539add18e4b0e36d205168d5/1402658072660/ Ngrams regulate business, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adefde4b0a4b34ff70116/1402658558508/ Ngrams living wage, since 1850 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae00be4b04d13b7aec778/1402658829026/ Ngrams socialism, capitalism, the capitalist system * 10, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adee6e4b0a4b34ff700f5/1402658552709/15.png Ngrams nationalization, nationalisation, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adf3fe4b03b72f9cc4d60/1402658625339/ Ngrams property rights, right of property, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae032e4b0821f813d04fb/1402658866781/22.png Ngrams right-wing, left-wing, leftist, since 1750 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adc74e4b03264ac63614c/1402657910147/ Ngrams public school system, since 1800 [American English corpus] https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae090e4b01d0c23ba751b/1402658961473/ Ngrams our society, since 1750 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539add0de4b0e36d205168ca/1402658062929/ Ngrams government control, government regulation, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ade67e4b05f1ef29bc261/1402658451797/ Ngrams social justice, economic justice * 10, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae078e4b01d0c23ba74f1/1402658938134/ Ngrams forced to work, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adb8de4b077b40b21f557/1402657726050/ Ngrams college professors, university professors, college faculty, university faculty, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adfe5e4b03b72f9cc4e0b/1402658790422/19.png Ngrams nationalism, collectivism * 5, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae0a9e4b01d0c23ba753e/1402658986155/ Ngrams social needs, needs of the community, needs of society, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ade97e4b05f1ef29bc290/1402658456797/ Ngrams equal opportunity, equality of opportunity, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adb01e4b047b17d8c70ea/1402657538021/ Ngrams social gospel, since 1850 [American English corpus] https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adc2fe4b0a4b34ff6fe68/1402657839955/5.png Ngrams new liberalism, old liberalism * 5, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adbdee4b02bedb3a47528/1402657758833/ Ngrams psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology, political science * 5, criminology * 10, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adc94e4b00393aef07728/1402657941455/ Ngrams Pledge of Allegiance + Pledge of allegiance + pledge of allegiance, since 1850 [American English corpus] I do (Pledge of Allegiance + Pledge of allegiance + pledge of allegiance) simply to pick up all occurrences of the differing cases. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539adcfee4b0e36d205168b3/1402658047155/ Ngrams income tax, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539b0e52e4b04d13b7aefa4d/1402670674851/eecgcdaf.png Ngrams democracy, since 1750 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ae0cae4b01d0c23ba757a/1402659019592/ Ngrams run the country, lead the country, lead the nation, since 1800 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52b43d50e4b0ddced6142ef2/t/539ad9c1e4b0a7d9fcaf4580/1402657232512/1.png Ngrams the Great War, since 1750 http://www.lostlanguage.org/words daily 0.75 2014-06-04 http://www.lostlanguage.org/dans-reflections daily 0.75 2014-07-08 http://www.lostlanguage.org/related-links daily 0.75 2014-07-03